Conservation Value of Multiple-Use Areas in East Africa

Abstract:  Despite wide agreement that strictly protected areas (World Conservation Union categories I–III) are the best strategy for conserving biodiversity, they are limited in extent and exclude many species of key conservation importance. In contrast, multiple-use management areas (categories IV–VI), comprising >60% of the world's protected-area network, are often considered of little value to biodiversity conservation, particularly in Africa, where they typically contain few charismatic large mammals. We sampled small mammals, amphibians, birds, butterflies, and trees at 41 sites along a four-step gradient of increasing human activity and decreasing conservation protection, from a well-protected Tanzanian national park to nonintensive agricultural land. Although preliminary, our results indicate that species richness of these five taxa did not decline along this gradient, but different management areas, occupying areas of largely similar habitat, hosted distinct communities of each taxon. Differences in species composition in the absence of manifest differences in species richness highlight the importance of developing landscape-scale conservation strategies and the danger of using either a limited suite of indicator taxa or umbrella species as surrogates for biodiversity. Although strictly protected areas perform a unique and vital conservation service in East Africa by protecting large mammals, areas that allow varied resource extraction activities still possess vital and complementary conservation value.     

分子表面积的精确和经验计算及其在QSAR中的应用

本文列出了精确计算分子表面积的公式，在分子几何结构优化的基础上，可用此式得到准确的分子表面积，用该法对２０种氯代酚进行了计算，所得分子表面积能很好地预言其正辛醇／水分配系数，并且用分子表面积（或取代基数）加上ＯＨ基的表面积，能很好预言其对发光菌的产性。此外，还提出了计算公子表面积的经验方法－碎片加和法，此法应用于某些取代烃化合物，也得到正辛醇／水分配系数很好的相关性。     

矿区开发不同阶段土地复垦与生态系统重建

井工开采不同阶段对土地和区域生态系统的影响进行分析，提出了不同阶段土地复垦和生态系统重建的重要性，并赋予了不同阶段土地复垦与生态重建的基本内容。     

东南沿海润湿时间变化规律研究

采用4次数据法统计了东南沿海92个气象台站近15年的润湿时间tTOW,分析了温湿度组合、海拔高度、经纬度、是否临近海边等因素对tTOW的影响.研究表明:东南沿海0℃、80%温湿组合的tTOW在3500～5500h之间,少数地方高于5500h;在此温湿度组合下的tTOW,低海拔与高海拔、低纬度与高纬度、海边与内陆较接近;0℃、95%温湿组合的tTOW,高海拔、高纬度、内陆分别比低海拔、低纬度、沿海高,而25℃、80%或95%温湿组合的tTOW正好与此相反.这充分说明ISO 9223标准以0℃、80%温湿组合统计润湿时间的方法值得商榷.     

内陆湿热地区机场环境谱编制

目的编制内陆湿热地区机场环境谱。方法分析影响飞机(直升机)日历寿命的地面主要环境因素,确定内陆湿热地区环境因素数据监测项目,以机场气象环境因素为基础,以现场测量化学环境因素为补充,编制机场环境谱,通过机场地区整体环境特性分析验证环境谱的有效性。结果机场环境均具有典型的内陆湿热地区非工业环境特点,大气腐蚀性等级中等(C3级)。结论量化了内陆湿热地区服役直升机面临的使用环境,为内陆湿热地区直升机环境适应性考核验证和腐蚀防护设计提供输入。     

喀斯特地区土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学特征

以喀斯特地区二种主要的土壤类型石灰土和黄壤为例,对三种植被类型下土壤及土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C值)进行了分析,结果显示:石灰土剖面中土壤有机碳含量均大于1.0%,最大值为表层土的7.1%,而三个黄壤剖面中土壤有机碳含量在0.3%～4.6%之间;石灰土剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围仅为-24.1‰～-23.0‰,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较小;而黄壤剖面中土壤有机质δ13C值的变化范围较大,在-24.5‰～-21.1‰之间,土壤不同粒径组分中有机质的δ13C值变幅也较大。对比研究表明,不同土壤类型中有机质的深度分布特征具有显著差异,土壤有机质的稳定碳同位素地球化学具有明显的区域性特征。     

干旱地区填埋危险废物的可行性分析

本文通过评述填埋法处置危险废物的环境影响，阐明其主要制约因素除占用土地资源外，还包括所生产的浸出液受气候、水文等外在条件污染地下水源。提出了利用干旱地区的独特自然优势填埋危险废物的可行性。     

滇黔接壤地区资源开发中的生态环境问题

本文研究了川滇黔接壤地区的生态系统特征及资源开发过程中产生的各种环境问题。在区域人口负荷大，经济落后，自然灾害频繁，环境污染严重等综合因子的作用下，已使区域生态系统变得十分脆弱，指出了区域自然资源开发过程中做好环壕保护和生态恢复的重要性。     

Modelling critical levels of ozone for the forested area of austria modifications of the aot40 concept

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Ozone is the most important air pollutant in Europe for forest ecosystems and the increase in the last decades is significant. The ozone impact on forests can be calculated and mapped based on the provisional European Critical Level (AOT40 = accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, 10,000 ppb x h for 6 months of one growing season calculated for 24 h day(-1)). For Norway spruce, the Austrian main tree species, the ozone risk was assessed in a basis approach and because the calculations do not reflect the health status of forests in Austria, the AOT40 concept was developed. METHODS: Three approaches were outlined and maps were generated for Norway spruce forests covering the entire area of Austria. The 1st approach modifies the AOT40 due to the assumption that forests have adapted to the pre-industrial levels of ozone, which increase with altitude (AOTalt). The 2nd approach modifies the AOT40 according to the ozone concentration in the sub-stomata cavity. This approach is based on such factors as light intensity and water vapour saturation deficit, which affect stomatal uptake (AOTsto). The 3rd approach combines both approaches and includes the hemeroby. The pre-industrial ozone level approach was applied for autochthonous ('natural') forest areas, the ozone-uptake approach for non-autochthonous ('altered') forest areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The provisional Critical Level (AOT40) was established to allow a uniform assessment of the ozone risk for forested areas in Europe. In Austria, where ozone risk is assessed with utmost accuracy due to the dense grid of monitoring plots of the Forest Inventory and because the continuously collected data from more than 100 air quality measuring stations, an exceedance up to the five fold of the Critical Level was found. The result could lead to a yield loss of up to 30-40% and to a severe deterioration in the forest health status. However, the data of the Austrian Forest Inventory and the Austrian Forest Damage Monitoring System do not reflect such an ozone impact. Therefore, various approaches were outlined including the tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of Norway spruce against ozone impact. Taking into consideration the adaptation of forests to the pre-industrial background level of ozone, the AOT40 exceedances are markedly reduced (1st approach). Taking into account the stomatal uptake of ozone, unrealistic high amounts of exceedances up to 10,000 ppb x h were found. The modelled risk does not correspond with the health status and the wood increment of the Austrian forests (2nd approach). Consolidating the forgoing two approaches, a final map including the hemeroby was generated. It became clear that the less natural ('altered') forested regions are highly polluted. This means, that more than half of the spruce forests are endangered by ozone impact and AOT40 values of up to 30,000 ppb x h occur (3rd approach). CONCLUSIONS: The approaches revealed that a plausible result concerning the ozone impact on spruce forests in Austria could only be reached by combining pre-industrial ozone levels, ozone flux into the spruce needles and the hemeroby of forests.     

Importance of Attitudinal Differences among Artisanal Fishers toward Co-Management and Conservation of Marine Resources

Abstract:  The Chilean government has introduced a policy that gives formal property rights over defined areas of seabed to organized groups of artisanal fishers with the goal of achieving sustainable exploitation of natural resources. We assessed differences in the attitudes of participating artisanal fishers toward this form of management to understand their importance in the design and implementation of fisheries management. We used questionnaires and participatory rural appraisal techniques to survey members of six fishing management committees. Fishers' attitudes varied significantly among syndicates in three main domains: attitudes toward the environment, unresolved aspects behind the management area policy, and perceived benefits derived from adoption of the policy. These differences indicated the existence of distinct world views that structure fishers' behavior toward the marine environment and its management. In addition, the responses made by fishers correlated best with the degree of off-sector pluriactivity and their dependence on diving as a source of income. This suggested that a livelihood approach to the development of Chilean artisanal fisheries that considers the multiple economic niches of the fishers will be most effective in the implementation of dual conservation/management measures.